T5U \o\6
Sacred Books of the East
Henry Frowde
Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.C.
Sacred Books of the East
Translated
By Various Oriental Scholars
And Edited by
F. Max Muller
vol. xxxiv
At the Clarendon Press
[All rights reserved]
(r$0Lr0L&M,as\ asp
CA^,
Vedanta-Sotras
With the Commentary by
5ANKARArARYA
Translated by
George Thibaut
Part I
At the Clarendon Press
[All rights reserved ]
CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction ix
VEDANTA-SUTRAS WITH THE COMMENTARY ^ BY SANKARAZArYA.
i Adhyaya I.
* Pada I 3
vi Pada II ioy
^ Pada III 154
« Pada IV 237
$L AdhyAya II.
Pada I , . . 290
Pada II 363
Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Trans- lations of the Sacred Books of the East . . . . 445
INTRODUCTION.
To the sacred literature of the Brahmans, in the strict sense of the term, i.e. to the Veda, there belongs a certain number of complementary works without whose assistance the student is, according to Hindu notions, unable to do more than commit the sacred texts to memory. In the first place all Vedic texts must, in order to be under- stood, be read together with running commentaries such as Saya;za\s commentaries on the Sa;^hitas and Brahma^as, and the Bhashyas ascribed to vSarikara on the chief Upani- shads. But these commentaries do not by themselves conduce to a full comprehension of the contents of the sacred texts, since they confine themselves to explaining the meaning of each detached passage without investigating its relation to other passages, and the whole of which they form part ; considerations of the latter kind are at any rate introduced occasionally only. The task of taking a com- prehensive view of the contents of the Vedic writings as a whole, of systematising what they present in an unsyste- matical form, of showing the mutual co-ordination or sub- ordination of single passages and sections, and of reconciling contradictions — which, according to the view of the orthodox commentators, can be apparent only — is allotted to a sepa- rate jastra or body of doctrine which is termed Mtmawsa, i. e. the investigation or enquiry kclt efox^, viz. the enquiry into the connected meaning of the sacred texts.
Of this Mimosa two branches have to be distinguished, the so-called earlier (purva) Mima^sa, and the later (uttara) Mima^sa. The former undertakes to systematise the karmaka^a, i. e. that entire portion of the Veda which is concerned with action, pre-eminently sacrificial action, and which comprises the Sawhitas and the Brahma^as exclusive of the Ara/zyaka portions ; the latter performs the same
VEDANTA-stjTRAS.
service with regard to the so-called gn&nakanda, i. e. that part of the Vedic writings which includes the Ara^yaka portions of the Brahma/zas, and a number of detached treatises called Upanishads. Its subject is not action but knowledge, viz. the knowledge of Brahman.
At what period these two ^astras first assumed a definite form, we are unable to ascertain. Discussions of the nature of those which constitute the subject-matter of the Purva Mima^sa must have arisen at a very early period, and the word Mima^sa itself together with its derivatives is already employed in the Brahma^as to denote the doubts and discussions connected with certain contested points of ritual. The want of a body of definite rules prescribing how to act, i. e. how to perform the various sacrifices in full accordance with the teaching of the Veda, was indeed an urgent one, because it was an altogether practical want, continually pressing itself on the adhvaryus engaged in ritualistic duties. And the task of establishing such rules was moreover a comparatively limited and feasible one ; for the members of a certain Vedic .rakha or school had to do no more than to digest thoroughly their own brahma/za and sa/^hita, without being under any obligation of reconciling with the teaching of their own books the occasionally con- flicting rules implied in the texts of other jakhas. It was assumed that action, as being something which depends on the will and choice of man, admits of alternatives, so that a certain sacrifice may be performed in different ways by members of different Vedic schools, or even by the followers of one and the same sakhL
The Uttara Mima^sa-^astra may be supposed to have originated considerably later than the Purva Mima/^sa. In the first place, the texts with which it is concerned doubtless constitute the latest branch of Vedic literature. And in the second place, the subject-matter of those texts did not call for a systematical treatment with equal urgency, as it was in no way connected with practice ; the mental attitude of the authors of the Upanishads, who in their lucubrations on Brahman and the soul aim at nothing less than at definite- ness and coherence, may have perpetuated itself through
Introduction. Xi
many generations without any great inconvenience resulting therefrom.
But in the long run two causes must have acted with ever-increasing force, to give an impulse to the systematic working up of the teaching of the Upanishads also. The followers of the different Vedic ^akhas no doubt recog- nised already at an early period the truth that, while conflicting statements regarding the details of a sacrifice can be got over by the assumption of a vikalpa, i. e. an optional proceeding, it is not so with regard to such topics as the nature of Brahman, the relation to it of the human soul, the origin of the physical universe, and the like. Concerning them, one opinion only can be the true one, and it therefore becomes absolutely incumbent on those, who look on the whole body of the Upanishads as revealed truth, to demonstrate that their teaching forms a con- sistent whole free from all contradictions. In addition there supervened the external motive that, while the karma- kanda. of the Veda concerned only the higher castes of brahmanically constituted society, on which it enjoins certain sacrificial performances connected with certain re- wards, the ^Tzanaka/^a, as propounding a certain theory of the world, towards which any reflecting person inside or outside the pale of the orthodox community could not but take up a definite position, must soon have become the object of criticism on the part of those who held different views on religious and philosophic things, and hence stood in need of systematic defence.
At present there exists a vast literature connected with the two branches of the Mima^sa. We have, on the one hand, all those works which constitute the Purva Mima/^sa-.yastra — or as it is often, shortly but not accurately, termed, the Mima^sa- i-astra — and, on the other hand, all those works which are commonly comprised under the name Vedanta-^astra. At the head of this extensive literature there stand two collec- tions of Sutras (i. e. short aphorisms constituting in their totality a complete body of doctrine upon some subject), whose reputed authors are Gaimini and Badaraya^a. There can, however, be no doubt that the composition of those two
Xli VEDANTA-StjTRAS.
collections of Sutras was preceded by a long series of pre- paratory literary efforts of which they merely represent the highly condensed outcome. This is rendered probable by the analogy of other ^astras, as well as by the exhaustive thoroughness with which the Sutras perform their task of systematising the teaching of the Veda, and is further proved by the frequent references which the Sutras make to the views of earlier teachers. If we consider merely the preserved monuments of Indian literature, the Sutras (of the two Mimosas as well as of other ^stras) mark the begin- ning ; if we, however, take into account what once existed, although it is at present irretrievably lost, we observe that they occupy a strictly central position, summarising, on the one hand, a series of early literary essays extending over many generations, and forming, on the other hand, the head spring of an ever broadening activity of commentators as well as virtually independent writers, which reaches down to our days, and may yet have some future before itself.
The general scope of the two Mima/^sd-sutras and their relation to the Veda have been indicated in what precedes. A difference of some importance between the two has, how- ever, to be noted in this connexion. The systematisation of the karmaka^a of the Veda led to the elaboration of two classes of works, viz. the Kalpa-sutras on the one hand, and the Purva Mim&^sa-sutras on the other hand. The former give nothing but a description as concise as possible of the sacrifices enjoined in the Brahma/zas; while the latter discuss and establish the general principles which the author of a Kalpa-sutra has to follow, if he wishes to render his rules strictly conformable to the teaching of the Veda. The ^Tzanak&^a of the Veda, on the other hand, is system- atised in a single work, viz. the Uttara Mim&^sa or Ved&nta- sutras, which combine the two tasks of concisely stating the teaching of the Veda, and of argumentatively establishing the special interpretation of the Veda adopted in the Sutras. This difference may be accounted for by two reasons. In the first place, the contents of the karmaki^rfa, as being of an entirely practical nature, called for summaries such as the Kalpa-sutras, from which all burdensome discussions of
INTRODUCTION. Xlll
method are excluded ; while there was no similar reason for the separation of the two topics in the case of the purely- theoretical science of Brahman. And, in the second place, the Vedanta-sutras throughout presuppose the Purva Mima/^sa-sutras, and may therefore dispense with the discussion of general principles and methods already esta- blished in the latter.
The time at which the two Mima^sa-sutras were com- posed we are at present unable to fix with any certainty ; a few remarks on the subject will, however, be made later on. Their outward form is that common to all the so- called Sutras which aims at condensing a given body of doctrine in a number of concise aphoristic sentences, and often even mere detached words in lieu of sentences. Besides the Mima/^sa-sutras this literary form is common to the fundamental works on the other philosophic systems, on the Vedic sacrifices, on domestic ceremonies, on sacred law, on grammar, and on metres. The two Mima//zsa- sutras occupy, however, an altogether exceptional position in point of style. All Sutras aim at conciseness ; that is clearly the reason to which this whole species of literary composition owes its existence. This their aim they reach by the rigid exclusion of all words which can possibly be spared, by the careful avoidance of all unnecessary repeti- tions, and, as in the case of the grammatical Sutras, by the employment of an arbitrarily coined terminology which substitutes single syllables for entire words or combination of words. At the same time the manifest intention of the Sutra writers is to express themselves with as much clear- ness as the conciseness affected by them admits of. The aphorisms are indeed often concise to excess, but not otherwise intrinsically obscure, the manifest care of the writers being to retain what is essential in a given phrase, and to sacrifice only what can be supplied, although perhaps not without difficulty, and an irksome strain of memory and reflection. Hence the possibility of understanding without a commentary a very considerable portion at any rate of the ordinary Sutras. Altogether different is the case of the two Mima/^sa-sutras. There scarcely one single Sutra is
xiv VEDANTA-stiTRAS.
intelligible without a commentary. The most essential words are habitually dispensed with ; nothing is, for instance, more common than the simple omission of the subject or predicate of a sentence. And when here and there a Sutra occurs whose words construe without anything having to be supplied, the phraseology is so eminently vague and obscure that without the help derived from a commentary we should be unable to make out to what subject the Sutra refers. When undertaking to translate either of the MimaMsa- sutras we therefore depend altogether on commentaries ; and hence the question arises which of the numerous com- mentaries extant is to be accepted as a guide to their right understanding.